Шувууд яагаад дулаан орныг зорьдог вэ?

Есдүгээр сар гарч, гадаа намрын налгар өдрүүд үргэлжилж байна. Удахгүй навчис шаргалтаж, сэрүү унана. Бас шувууд буцна. Нүүдлийн шувуудын түрүүч буцаж байгаа энэ үед шувууд яагаад нүүдэг, хаана очдог талаар сонирхуулъя. Шувуудын түрүүч буцаж байна Өдгөө хөмрөг, дууч, шатан сүүлт гэх мэтийн жижиг төрлийн шувууд түрүүчээсээ нүүдэллэж байна. Ер нь есдүгээр сарын дундуур олон зүйл шувуудын нүүдэл ихэсдэг бөгөөд хамгийн цаад тал нь аравдугаар сарын эхээр буцдаг байна. Гэхдээ шувууд эрт, орой нүүхэд тухайн жилийн цаг агаарын байдал ихээхэн нөлөөлдөг. Яагаад зарим шувууд эрт, зарим нь орой нүүдэг вэ. Энэ нь тухайн шувууны идэш хоолтой холбоотой байж болох бөгөөд намар цагт жимс, ногоо ид боловсордог учраас жимсэн идэштэй нь орой нүүдэллэдэг. Харин сэрүүн унаснаас шавьж, хорхой багасахад энэ төрлийн идэштэнгүүд эрт нүүдэг байна. Шувууны нүүдэл гэж юу вэ? Манай улсад нийтдээ 485 зүйл шувуу бүртгэгдсэн байдаг. Тэдний зарим нь нүүж, зарим нь суурин амьдардаг. Шувууны нүүдлийг орон зайн хувьд хол, ойр нүүдгээс шалтгаалж алс нүүдлийн зүйл шувуу, харьцангуй ойр нүүдэллэдэг зүйл шувуу гэж ангилдаг. Өөрөөр хэлбэл, үржлийн нутгаасаа өвөлжих нутаг руугаа хүрэхээр алс хол нисэхийг нүүдэл гэх бөгөөд өндрөөс нам газар руу, уулнаас тал хээр нутаг руу гэхчилэн орон зайн хувьд ойрхон нүүхийг шилжих гэдэг байна. Бүр тив алгасч нүүдэг шувууд байдаг. Тодруулбал, Сибириэс Австрали руу нүүдэллэх хэсэг байхад энүүхэн урд хөршид очоод ирдэг шувуу ч байна. Жишээ нь, Монголоос Хятад хүрэхийг алс нүүдлийн гэж хэлдэггүй байна. Шувууд яагаад дулаан орныг зорьдог вэ? Энэ шалтгааныг судлаачид одоо хүртэл нарийн судлаагүй байгаа. Гэсэн хэдий ч тодорхой таамаг дэвшүүлсэн байдаг. Тухайлбал, нүүдлийн шувуудын үржлийн нутагт идэш тэжээлийн олдоц бага болсноос, мөн үржлийн нутагт цаг агаар сэрүүсч, ус хөлдөх зэргээс шалтгаалан амьдрах нөхцөл тохиромжгүй болох, зан төрх, генетикийн хувьд намар болохоор хүссэн, хүсээгүй нүүдэг байхаар зохицуулагдсан байдаг учраас шувууд дулаан орон руу нүүдэг гэсэн таамаг дэвшүүлжээ. Ер нь шувууд тодорхой нэг газар өвөлжөөд тодорхой цагт буцаад ирдэг нь Монголд төдийгүй дэлхийд судлагдсан байдаг. Зарим нэг зүйл шувуудын хувьд өмнөх жил үүрлэсэн үүрэндээ дараа жил нь буцаад ирдэг. Үүнийг тухайн нутаг усны хөгшчүүл ч баталдаг. Ийм шувуудын тоонд идлэг шонхор, хар өрөв тас, цэн тогоруу багтдаг аж. Тэд яагаад хуучин үүрэндээ ирдэг вэ гэдэг нь бас л сонин. Судлаачдын үзэж байгаагаар шувууд тодорхой нэг баримжаагаар нисдэг. Энэ баримжаагаа яаж авдаг талаар мөн л нарийн судлагдсан зүйл үгүй ч хэд хэдэн таамаг бий. Нэгдүгээрт, од, сараар баримжаалдаг, хоёрдугаарт, генетикийн хувьд удамшсан байдаг, гуравдугаарт, өндөр уулс бараадан нүүх боломжтой гэсэн таамаг гаргадаг байна. Эдгээрээс хамгийн боломжтой байх нөхцөл нь од эрхсээр баримжаалдаг нь байж болох гэнэ. Учир нь шувууд ихэвчлэн бүрэнхийгээр нүүдэллэдэг нь дээрх таамаг үнэн байж болох талтай. Шувууд тодорхой замаар нүүдэг Шувууд нүүхдээ хаа дуртай газраараа нүүгээд хүссэн газартаа оччихдоггүй юм байна. Дэлхий дээр шувууны нүүдлийн хэд хэдэн зам байдаг бөгөөд гол замуудыг дурдвал, АвстралиАзийн зам, АзиЭнэтхэгийн зам, АзиасАмерик руу чиглэсэн зам гэж байдаг. Харин Монгол орны хувьд нүүдлийн гурван зам байна гэж үздэг. Энэ нь баруун, төв, зүүн гэж хуваагддаг. Зүүн бүсийн замд Халх, Нөмрөг, Хэрлэн, Онон голын савын зүүн талын нуурууд багтдаг бол төвийн зам нь Туул, Орхон, Сэлэнгэ голын дагуу нүүдэг байна. Харин баруун бүс нутгийн нүүдлийн зам нь Их нууруудын хотгор, Увс нуур чиглэлтэй нүүдэллэдэг гэнэ. Энэ гурван үндсэн замаас ажиглахад шувууд ихэвчлэн голын хөндийн сав даган нүүдэг байна. Зарим шувуу нүүхээ больжээ Нүүдлийн гэсэн тодотголтой хэрнээ нүүлгүй өвөлждөг шувууд манай оронд нэлээд байдаг байна. Үүнд хун, ангир, алаг шунгаач зэрэг олон зүйл шувуу багтах болжээ. Тэд яагаад нүүхгүй байгаа шалтгаан нь мөн л нарийн судлагдаагүй хэрнээ судлаачдын таамаглаж байгаагаар сүүлийн жилүүдийн цаг уурын дулааралтай холбоотой гэнэ. Дулаарал манай орны зарим нуур, голд нөлөөлж өвөл задгай ус энд тэнд үүсэх болсон байна. Үүний нэг баталгаа нь Улаанбаатар хотын орчимд жил бүр 600 шахам ангир өвөлждөг нь тогтоогдсон байна. Үүнд судалгаа хийж үзэхэд тэр орчмын цэвэрлэх байгууламжаас гарч байгаа ус өвөл +17 хэм байдаг, захруугаа +3аас +5 хэм байдаг бөгөөд энэ нь шувуудын өвөлждөгтэй холбоотой болох нь батлагджээ. Үүнээс гадна том голын харз дагаж тухайлбал, Ховдын Чоно харайхын гол, Хар ус нуур, Хяргас нуур даган өвөлжих шувууд элбэгшжээ. Түүнчлэн идлэг шонхорыг нүүдлийн шувуу гэж үздэг атал энэ нь судалгаагаар эргэлзээтэй болсон гэнэ. Жишээ нь, тухайн жил төрсөн залуу шувуу Хятадын Хөх нуур орж өвөлждөг бол бие гүйцсэн, идэш тэжээлээ барих чадвартай идлэг шонхор эндээ өвөлждөг байна. Шувуу нүүж байгааг яаж мэддэг вэ? Манайхаас нүүсэн шувууд хаашаа очдог болохыг олж мэдэх олон арга байдаг байна. Жишээ нь хүзүү, хөлд нь бөгж зүүх, далавчинд нь тэмдэг тавих, сансрын дамжуулагч тавьснаар мэдэх боломжтой. Тухайлбал, Улз голд бөгжлөгдсөн цэн тогоруу Хятад, Японд очсоныг олж тогтоосон байна.

In Loving Memory of Academician Dr. Ayurzana Bold (1936-2007)

orginal: http://birdsmongolia.blogspot.com/2007/06/in-loving-memory-of-academician-dr.html

This obituary pays tribute to the life of the distinguished ornithologist Dr. Ayurzana Bold, who passed away on June 10, 2007.

Ayurzana Bold was born in 1936 and grew up in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. He was Academician of the Mongolian Academy of Sciences (MAS) and a highly respected biologist and ornithologist in Mongolia and abroad as well. He worked as a senior scientist at the Institute of Biology of the MAS till his last day of his life.

Between 1953 and 1957, he was educated at the National University of Mongolia (NUM), the largest university of the country, where he studied biology and natural sciences. After graduation he started his career as a biology lecturer at the NUM. During his years at the University he participated in several large zoological expeditions to the Trans-Altai Gobi, the Mongolian Altai, the Dzungarian Gobi, the South Gobi, the Eastern Gobi, Mongolia’s eastern steppes, and the taiga mountains in Khovsgol, which were organized by the Mongolian and Russian Academies of Sciences. Participation in those legendary expeditions was fundamental for his future work.

Throughout his academic career he worked for the Mongolian Academy of Sciences since the establishment of the Institute of Biology in 1961. His main responsibilities were to study and explore bird species inhabiting various landscapes in the country, raise awareness on birds among the public, and collect reference specimens etc. He started almost everything from the beginning in close cooperation with his fellow biologists and visiting scientists, mostly from the Russian Academy of Sciences and researchers from Germany, Poland, the USA, Czechoslovakia, the UK, Japan, and China.

In those old days, transportation and access to remote Mongolian frontier areas were very difficult to arrange and the instruments that biologists used were very basic. Everyone had to gear up fully with all their binoculars, notebooks, travel bags, guns, and maps and work continually for months, the only means of transportation being horses, cows and camels, or - if lucky on automobile, without seeing home and family. Dr. Bold was a gifted man who could live on basic things for months under intolerable harsh conditions.

At his early career he studied not just only birds but also mammals, reptiles, insects, and fishes when there were very few trained biologists in Mongolia. One of the examples of his diverse involvement in ecological studies of the Mongolian fauna is his work on one of the rarest bears in the world, the Gobi Bear or Mazaalai. Today, his paper about the Gobi bear is still regarded as an invaluable contribution for the conservation of this species. Another example is that he described two new insect species to science. There are many such examples which can be told.

He probably traveled through his country more than any other biologist in Mongolia, studying the distribution, ecology, biology, and diversity of Mongolia birds for his entire life. He made countless trips and expeditions to all regions of Mongolia, and worked with scientists from many countries from Europe, Asia, North and South America. The day before he died, in spite of his health problems, he was still preparing to work in the field with other researchers.

He studied birds in the mountains of Khentii region for his PhD degree in Mongolia in 1977. In 1990, he received his Doctor of Science from the Institute of Animal Ecology and Evolution of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia for his thesis “Ecology and geography of Mongolian avifauna and their use and conservation fundamentals”. This is still on of the major reference works for all ornithologists in Mongolia.

He was not only a well known biologist, but also a well known conservationist in the country. He actively participated and worked as adviser in designation of many protected areas in Mongolia. Furthermore, all Ramsar Sites, Important Bird Areas, Crane and Anatidae Network Sites were designated with his major contribution and vigorous involvement. Identification of internationally important sites would have been very difficult and much challenging without his significant contribution.

He was a member of IUCN’s Grouse Specialist Group, the Asian Raptor Research and Conservation Network, and the Mongolian Rare Animal Commission etc. Internationally he actively participated in research and conservation of cranes, birds of prey, and waterbirds and worked as advisor to several nationwide conservation projects implemented by leading international aid and conservation organizations. Dr. Bold worked as advisor on the Hunting Law of Mongolia and the Law on Fauna. He received awards for his outstanding achievements both in science and nature conservation in 1996 from the Government of Mongolia. In 2002 he received the “Altan Gadas” (Polar Star) medal, one of the highest honorary medals issued by the Government of Mongolia.

He wrote numerous research papers and co-authored several important books on Mongolian birds and wildlife conservation in Mongolia and abroad. He co-authored 15 milestone books such as “Game Animals of Mongolia”, “Red Data Book of Mongolia”, and “Catalogue of Birds of Mongolia” and wrote over 160 papers, and 7 major maps on the Mongolian fauna. Also he supervised many students’ bachelor, master and doctorate theses. He supervised PhD students from Germany and Russia.

All those who worked in the field remember Dr. Bold as a compassionate man and remarkably kind friend. Also he was an excellent father to his children, a caring husband to his wife, and a highly respected friend to his colleagues and a skilled supervisor. His support for many Mongolian biologists helped them to find their way in the scientific field.

He passed away on June 10, 2007 at the age of 71, due to an unexpected heart failure. We all feel deep sorrow and sadness.

Although he is no longer with us, we will always remember him and he will always be in our hearts.

Nyambayar Batbayar

Prof A. Bold in Khovd, 10 May 2006

Монгол орны шувууны зүйл нэрийн арван хэлний толь

Энэ ном нь монгол орны шувууны зүйлийн нэрийн арван хэлний толь юм. Үүнд Латин, Монгол, Орс, Англи, Герман, Франц, Унгар, Хятад, Япон, Солонгос хэлнүүд орсон.

Mongolia today

Монгол орны шувуу хоёр нутагтан мөлхөгчид

Экологийн үндсүүд

Монгол орны шувуудаар XX зуунд нийтлэгдсэн бүтээлийн жагсаалт

Хэнтийн уулархаг мужийн шувуу

Near Endangered Bird Will Be Taken Back to Mongolia

On the 21st of March, Thai Airways is providing a free flight for a very special passenger and it's caretakers. In an effort to return a rare cinereous vulture to it's natural habitat, the airline is flying the bird and a staff of five, which includes two veterinarians, to China, the first step of a journey home to Mongolia.

The injured vulture, not native to Thailand, was found near death from dehydration in the Chantaburi province of Thailand. It was found by a group of local villagers and brought to Lola Veal, a bird specialist, where it was tested for infectious diseases and found to be clear of these, including the much publicized bird flu. The bird was larger than any Chaiyan Kasorn of Kasesart had taken care of before.

While at Bangkok's Kasesart University, the bird gained over 5 pounds in captivity, being fed a diet of both fresh and rotten meats injected with vitamins.

The one year old vulture is almost three and a half feet tall and when it's wings are open, they have a span of 9.2 feet. It will be protected in flight by being contained and transported in a cage that would usually hold a large dog. It will be surrounded by cushioning for the duration of the flight, which lasts four hours. It will then continue the trip home via China Airlines and finalize it's journey with a 125 miles drive into the wilderness near Erdenesant in Mongolia.

The vulture will have to be retrained in the ability to fly, with the help of veterinarians and a special long cage that allows for short test flights. When it is finally released to the wild, it will have an attached radio transmitter to keep track of it's migration, and to keep watch over how it is doing in the wild.

The cinereous vulture is also known as a monk or black vulture and is part of a group of birds called Falconiformes, which includes the Egyptian Vulture, The Andean Condor, The Bald Eagle and Ruppell's Griffon. The incubation period for a cinereous vulture is about two months. When born it is usually part of a small clutch consisting of only one or two birds. It is a diurnal animal, meaning it flies during the day.

This particular bird and variety of vulture has thick brown feathers, and a white beak tipped with black, set on a mask shaped black face.

The cinereous vulture is listed as, near threatened, in Asia by the World Conservation Union.

Threatened Vulture Wanders Far From Mongolia

Nuthatches seem to understand chickadee

By RANDOLPH E. SCHMID, AP Science Writer
Undated handout photos provided by the University of Washington showing a Chickadee, left, and a...
WASHINGTON - Nuthatches appear to have learned to understand a foreign language — chickadee. It's not unusual for one animal to react to the alarm call of another, but nuthatches seem to go beyond that — interpreting the type of alarm and what sort of predator poses a threat. When a chickadee sees a predator, it issues warning call — a soft "seet" for a flying hawk, owl or falcon, or a loud "chick-a-dee-dee-dee" for a perched predator.

The "chick-a-dee" call can have 10 to 15 "dees" at the end and varies in sound to encode information on the type of predator. It also calls in other small birds to mob the predator, Christopher Templeton of the University of Washington said in a telephone interview.

"In this case the nuthatch is able to discriminate the information in this call," said Templeton, a doctoral candidate.

The findings by Templeton and Erick Green, an associate professor of biological sciences at the University of Montana, are reported in this week's online edition of Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

An eagle taking off

зургийн эх:

монголын зарим шувууд